Labs

Lab Report #6

7/8/14

D.7 Lab

Amy, Annabel, Danielle

Abstract:

            In this lab 1 out of the 3 pennies was put aside to be the “control” while the other 2 pennies were put into Zinc Chloride solution mixed with Granulated Zinc to boil. We then set 1 of the treated pennies aside while the other was placed on the hotplate for a few seconds. We then observed and compared the 3 pennies post-lab!

Procedure:

            In this lab, observed 3 pennies. 1 penny was put aside to be the “control” while the other 2 pennies were put into Zinc Chloride solution mixed with Granulated Zinc to boil for a few minutes. In the solution, the 2 pennies turned black and/or silver and the granulated Zinc clumped onto the pennies. After this, we set 1 of the treated pennies aside while the other was placed on the hotplate for a few seconds; one side of this penny turned a yellow gold color while the other side turned back to a copper color. We then compared the 3 pennies post-lab!

Results:

            Post treatment, penny #2 became duller and almost a greyish color. Penny #3 turned silver after being boiled, but then one side turned a gold color while the other side turned back to copper after being placed directly on the hotplate.

Data Table

Pennies	Original Appearance	During Treatment	Post Treatment	Penny on hot plate
Penny #1 (control)	Shiny, light speckles	N/A	N/A	N/A
Penny #2	Duller, light speckles	Turned black, granulated Zinc clumps onto penny	Penny was duller, greyish color	N/A
Penny #3	Shiniest, no speckles	Turned silver, granulated Zinc clumps onto penny	Penny was silver	Heads turned yellow gold color, tails turned back to copper color

Interpreting Evidence:

1.     The control is copper and has luster and remained unchanged throughout the lab. Penny #2 became duller and has a smoke effect to it, as there’s some blacks and greys on the penny post boiling. Penny #3 turned silver post boiling but then turned gold once on the hotplate.

2.     Yes, penny #3 appears to be made of gold.

Making Claims:

1.     If the metal is malleable, luster, conducts electricity, and is reactive.

2.     The copper atoms appear to have been burned off, as the color of the pennies is no longer copper.

Reflecting on the Investigation:

1.     You could heat copper on a hot plate to create fake gold for cheaper production of products or you could use copper as a fake rose gold.

2.     No because the copper has been burned off.

Lab Report #5

6/30/14

Amy, Danielle, & Annabel

B.12 Lab Report

Abstract:

            In this lab, we tested which metals reacted with various nitrates. We concluded that the metals reacted with the copper nitrate and silver nitrate, while none reacted with the magnesium nitrate or zinc nitrate. The importance of this lab was to see how different react with different nitrates.

Procedure:

            In this lab, we gathered samples of the metals magnesium, zinc, and copper and placed them in a well and recorded their original appearance in our data table. We then combined 10 drops of silver nitrate, copper nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and zinc nitrate with each sample in the wells and watched if they reacted or not. We then recorded our observations and the reactivity of all the metals when combined with the various nitrates.

Results:

            In this lab we concluded which metals reacted with which nitrates. All metals reacted with the copper nitrate and silver nitrate, while none reacted with the magnesium nitrate or zinc nitrate.

Lab B.12	Original Appearance	Copper Nitrate	Magnesium Nitrate	Zinc Nitrate	Silver Nitrate
Copper	Luster, rose gold color, malleable	Liquid turned light blue	Unreactive	Unreactive	Copper turned black & “furry”
Magnesium	Luster, silver color, malleable, rough/rusty texture	Liquid turned green, Magnesium grew black “fur”	Unreactive	Unreactive	Magnesium turned black and “shed” black “furs”
Zinc	Luster, silver color, malleable	Zinc turned black	Unreactive	Unreactive	Zinc got completely covered with black fur

Interpreting Evidence:

1. They all reacted equally.

2. They all reacted equally.

Making Claims:

3. Silver would most likely react with similar solutions as copper, since they were close on the periodic table, thus they must have similar properties.

4. Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Silver

5. a. Copper is less reactive than zinc, thus the copper wont corrode as easily

b. Silver, because it’s the least reactive so it will corrode the least

c. It may be more expensive and not as abundant as copper

6. a. Magnesium, since it’s the most reactive

b. Silver, since it’s the least reactive

7. a. Yes, the magnesium & zinc nitrates could be eliminated

b. The magnesium & zinc nitrates, as no metals reacted to them

Lab Report #4

6/25/14

Amy, Danielle, & Kelly

B.1 + B.6 Lab Report

            In this lab, we were to organize our cards by properties. We organized it according to the periodic table, based off of the atomic number. Below are photos from the lab.

Lab Report #3

6/19/14

A.10 Lab Report: Metal or Nonmetal

Danielle, Kelly, & Amy

Abstract:

            In Lab A.10, we tested 7 substances and concluded which ones are metals, nonmetals, or metalloids using our data table. During this lab, we recorded each substance’s appearance and then tested the conductivity, malleability, and reactivity to CuCl₂ and HCl of each of the substances. The importance of this lab was to learn the different properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids as well as learn how to distinguish metals from nonmetals, which will benefit our knowledge of substances for the rest of the summer.

Procedure:

            For this lab, we tested whether 7 different substances are metal or nonmetal. To test if they were metal or not, we recorded their appearance and tested their conductivity, reactivity with CuCl₂ and HCl, as well as whether they are malleable or brittle. For appearance, we just described and observed their physical attributes. For conductivity, we placed two wires onto the surface of the substance and saw whether the light bulb lit up or not. To test their malleability, we hit the substances with a hammer and saw if they shattered or flattened which determines whether they’re malleable or brittle. For reactivity, we placed 20 drops of CuCl₂ into each substance’s well and observed the changes, if any, for 5 minutes; we then did this with HCl. We recorded all these steps on our data table, which we can use to determine which substances are metals and which are nonmetals.

Results:

            Based off of our experiments and data table, we concluded that only substances A and F are metals. Substances B, C, and E are nonmetals, while substances D and G are metalloids. We decided which are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based off of the connections between the info on our data table and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids described in the textbook.

Element Tested	Appearance	Conductivity	Crushing	Reactivity w/CuCl2	Reactivity w/HCl
A	Luster, silver, tin foil-like	Does conduct	Malleable	Nonreactive	Nonreactive
B	Luster, dark grey, sand-like	Non-conductor	Brittle	Reactive, dulled, CuCl2 turned foggy	Reactive, dulled, HCl
C	Luster, dark blue, rock-like	Non-conductor	Brittle	Nonreactive	Nonreactive
D	Luster, dark grey, rock-like	Does conduct	Brittle	Nonreactive	Nonreactive
E	Dull, yellow, paint chip-llike	Non-conductor	Brittle	Nonreactive	Nonreactive
F	Luster, copper, pearl-like	Does conduct	Malleable	Reactive, dulled	Nonreactive
G	Dull, light greyish blue	Non-conductor	Brittle	Reactive, changed colors dissolved into mold like substance	Reactive, fizzed, HCl turned foggy

Interpreting Evidence:

1.     For all of the substances, observing appearance was a physical property. Both conductivity and crushing were physical properties as well, while reactivity to both CuCl₂ and HCl were chemical properties.

2.     Appearance Changed in HCl or CuCl₂: Substances B, F, G Appearance Not Changed: Substances A, C, D, E

3.     Substance F because it only reacted to CuCl₂

4.     Substances A and F are metals, substances B, C, and E are nonmetals, while substances D and G are metalloids.

Lab Report #2

6/19/14

Annabel S, Amy M, Madee R, Taylor R

Summer School

Dr. Forman

Analyzing Evidence

       1.     In investigation 12 we collected quantitative data.
2.    We recorded the mass and volume and found the density by dividing mass over volume

      a. Density of the pennies is 3.84

      b. Density of the nails is 5.87

Interpreting Evidence & Making Claims

       1.     In investigation two, the paper turned to ash. We observed the paper burn and turn into ash, which    was our prediction.
2.     When we added the ammonia and vinegar solution together in investigation four it formed a new    substance because chemical reactions occurred.

       3.     In station 3 the blue crystals turned grey when we heated. This happened because the chemical  reactions turned it a different color.

       4.     The burning tea light turned into liquid as the melted tea light barely turned into liquid.

       5.     It station E, the baking soda bubbled and rose.

Reflecting on the Investigation

       6.     In station A, our prediction was that the paper would turn into ash when burned and it did. As most people know if you burn paper it will turn into ash.
7.     a. In investigation 6, we predicted the blue crystals would melt.

           b. The blue crystal turned into grey powder when we heated it up. We wondered if the powder                 would fully melt if we continued to heat it up.
8.   a. While making investigations in the laboratory we see what happens and record it, which is an observation.

          b. When making an investigation we have to look at appearance, weight, and change that occurs.

                 Investigation 5                                                            Investigation 6

Results:

 Investigations             Predictions                                                             Observations

1	Paper remains the same	Same as prediction
2	Paper turns to ash	Same as prediction
3	Ammonia turns the liquid purple. Vinegar turns liquid red	Same as prediction
4	Liquid remains the same	Same as prediction
5	Blue crystals turn into small crystal fragments	Same as prediction
6	Blue crystals will melt and then while they are cooling, they will reform	Crystals turned grey and melted
7	The candle will melt	Same as prediction
8	The wax will melt and wick will melt	Same as prediction
9	When we pour the vinegar it bubbles and rises	Same as prediction
12	Pennies were going to be denser than the nail	The nails were denser than the pennies
13	Nail turns blue	Copper sulfate stained it copper

Objects                            Mass                                Volume                             Density

Water	47.07	50	1
10 Pennies	102.58	26.72	3.84
10 Nails	109.32	18.63	5.87

             Investigation 12                                                                Investigation 3

              Investigation 9

Lab Report #1: Density Lab

6/17/14

Amy M, Madee R, Annabel S, Taylor R

Summer School

Dr. Forman

Abstract:

The liquids that were used in this experiment had a variety of densities. The liquids denser than water sunk where as the liquids less dense than water floated. This observation supports our other experiment since the objects all had more densities than water had all sunk.

Procedure:

First we measured an empty graduated cylinder. Then we poured three different liquids into a graduated cylinder and found the mass of each liquid. Pouring each liquid into a beaker of 100mL of water, we observed whether the liquids floated or sunk.

In part 2 we found the dimensions and masses of four different objects. We then placed them into a beaker of 100mL of water and observed whether they floated or sunk. Lastly we calculated the volume and density of all four objects.

 

                    Liquid A                                                         Liquid C

Results:

 Liquids                   Volume (mL) Mass (g)     Density      Float         Sink

Graduated cylinder	0	27
A	9	36.4	1.04	no	yes
B	8.5	35.1	0.95	yes	no
C	9	35.1	0.9	yes	no

       Solid         Length           Height          Width           Mass (g) Float or sink    Volume       Density

Silver cylinder	1 cm	1cm	1cm	4.45	Sink	0.3925	11.34
Clear cylinder	1cm	1cm	1cm	1.89	Sink	0.3925	4.82
Black cylinder	B1:1.5cm B2: 1cm	2cm	B1:1.5cm B2: 1cm	4.2	Sink	0.3	14.0
Blue marble	1cm	1cm	1cm	3.36	Sink	0.523	6.42

                      Liquid B                                                                      Liquid A

Page 14

1)    Our group noticed in the data that the liquid denser than water sunk where as the liquids less dense than water floated. In part 2 we noticed all of the objects sunk since the densities were more than water.  

2)    If the solid or liquid is denser than water it will sink when you add it to water.

3)    The chart above with the results supports our answer.

4)    The olive oil is less dense than the vinegar.

5)    a. We predicted the thicker fluids would sink because if the fluids are heavier than the water, then it would sink and our experiment supports our prediction.

b. Since we know than water is lighter than most liquids, the liquids that were thicker sunk.   

6)    The object would still sink because it still has more density than water.

7)    The object may sink like in the water because rubbing alcohol probably has a similar density as the water.

8)    To predict if a spherical object would sink or float you would have to calculate the density of the object and the density of the water and see which one is lighter.